Disclaimer: We assist with federal U.S. immigration (USCIS) matters only. Attorney Scott A. Maki is licensed in Minnesota only and cannot assist with state-law matters in any other state, including North Dakota.
N-400 naturalization is how most green card holders become U.S. citizens. Citizenship lets you vote, travel on a U.S. passport, and sponsor more family members.
Applying can feel simple. However, past trips, arrests, or tax issues can create serious problems. This page explains who qualifies and what to review before you file.
Who can apply for U.S. citizenship?
Most applicants need to meet these requirements:
- Green card for 5 years, or 3 years if you have been married to and living with a U.S. citizen spouse during that time
- Continuous residence in the U.S., without long trips abroad that break it
- Physical presence in the U.S. for at least half of that time
- At least 3 months living in your state or USCIS district before filing
- Good moral character
- Ability to read, write, and speak basic English, and pass a civics test, unless an exception applies
You can file up to 90 days before you reach the 5-year or 3-year mark.
How does the naturalization process work?
- Confirm your eligibility date and review your history.
- File Form N-400 online or by mail.
- Attend a biometrics appointment.
- Attend your interview, including the English and civics tests.
- If approved, attend an oath ceremony. You become a citizen once you take the oath.
What can cause problems on an N-400?
USCIS reviews your whole record, not only the past few years. For that reason, it is smart to review these issues first:
- Any arrest, citation, or criminal charge, even if dismissed
- Trips abroad of 6 months or longer
- Unpaid taxes, or not filing tax returns
- Unpaid child support
- Problems with how you got your green card
- False claims to U.S. citizenship or voting in U.S. elections
Some of these issues can delay a case. Others can lead to removal proceedings. Get advice before you file if any of them apply to you.
What is on the citizenship test?
At the interview, an officer tests your English reading, writing, and speaking. You also answer civics questions about U.S. history and government. USCIS offers free study materials.
How long does naturalization take?
Processing times depend on your local USCIS office. For current estimates, see the USCIS processing times page. Some applicants are also seeing added delays from new USCIS holds and canceled oath ceremonies. We track these changes in our immigration news.
Common questions
Do my children become citizens too?
Sometimes. Children under 18 with green cards may become citizens automatically when a parent naturalizes, if they live in the parent’s legal and physical custody.
What if my N-400 is on hold?
Read our update on N-400 holds and canceled oath ceremonies, then contact us to review your options.
How we help with citizenship
- Calculate your exact eligibility date
- Review travel, criminal, and tax history for risks
- Prepare and file your N-400
- Get you ready for the interview and test
- Handle delays, holds, and Requests for Evidence
Ready to become a U.S. citizen? Call (218) 461-4654 or send us a message. You will talk directly with the attorney.
Related pages
- Sponsor a relative (Form I-130)
- Removing conditions (Form I-751)
- Family immigration FAQ
- All immigration services
Official information: USCIS Form N-400, Application for Naturalization.
This page provides general information, not legal advice. Every case is different, and immigration rules change often.